Guide to NP-Led Research

Life as an NP Researcher

NPs can go into research for any number of reasons. For some, it’s a savvy career move. For others, it’s personal drive. But most NPs in research, Dr. Noonan says, choose to get their PhD in nursing because they’re in practice and running into problems and questions that they can’t quite get the answers to. And, instead of giving up, they push through, deciding to figure out the answers for themselves. 

“Most NPs have the qualities of good researchers: attention to detail, curiosity, persistence,” Dr. Noonan says. “These are general things, but they’re really important. If you came across the same clinical issues and questions all the time, and were not interested in developing new knowledge and new ways to figure those out, then you probably wouldn’t be driven to go get your PhD.”

There’s often a mix of purpose and kismet when selecting one’s first area of research. For Dr. Noonan, it was tobacco cessation. While she was getting her NP degree, one of her mentors developed the first NP training for tobacco cessation, and Dr. Noonan was among the first NPs trained to deliver this training in her practice. Later, while working in rural and underserved areas, she noticed the lack of access her patient population had to standard tobacco cessation treatments and services. Spurred on by a family history impacted negatively through tobacco use, Dr. Noonan did research into digital interventions related to tobacco cessation that could reach patients with limited or no access to primary care services. 

“Eventually, hopefully, your research is put into practice, though that may be many years down the road,” Dr. Noonan says. “But part of the reward is that the research you are doing is still directly benefiting many patients. And then you can take that new knowledge and use it to inform your practice, too. I think that’s the most rewarding piece.”

Differences of Degree: DNP and PhD

NPs who want to lead cutting-edge research should consider a PhD in nursing. These rigorous doctoral programs prepare NPs to become nurse scientists, with coursework and training in research methods and data analysis. NPs in PhD programs will work in small cohorts, with mentors with expertise in a specific study area. 

Conversely, DNP programs are more clinically oriented, with a focus on helping NPs become expert clinicians who employ evidence-based care. NPs in DNP programs do get some exposure to research-related topics—and a subset of DNPs go on to lead their own research, too—but the tenor of that research tends to differ from what NPs with PhDs tend to do. 

“Both the DNP and PhD degrees are very valuable,” Dr. Noonan says. “But I would say an NP with a PhD develops new knowledge that hopefully will lead to some practice change, and then an NP with a DNP would implement and evaluate that practice change.”

PhD in nursing programs may be less clinically focused than their DNP counterparts, but NPs with PhDs will draw heavily from their clinical experience when conducting and leading research. Dr. Noonan is a program director of the National Clinician Scholars Program (NCSP) at Duke University, which purposefully recruits NPs and other clinician nurses to engage in practice-based activities and research. Those two modes of nursing, practice and research, inform and improve one another—and for many NPs in research, the clinical element is crucial. 

“There are fast-track programs that go directly from their undergraduate to a PhD,” Dr. Noonan says. “But I’ve actually had a few colleagues go back and get their NP degree after they’ve done their PhD. They’ve realized it’s another way to increase the impact of their work and research.”

Challenges and Opportunities in NP-Led Research

NP-led research is not without its challenges. Like all scientific research, securing funding is a persistent issue. The growth of NP-led research is also hindered by its small size: there are fewer NP PhDs available to mentor new NPs. DNP programs are plentiful, but many NP programs offer little exposure to research and NP-led researchers during their training.

“We need clearer pathways for NPs to get their PhD,” Dr. Noonan says. “So right out of their master’s degree, we want NPs to know that the PhD is an option, so they can weigh the benefits of a DNP versus a PhD.”

Another major challenge is that PhD programs would pull would-be clinicians out of service for several years or, at the very least, limit their clinical hours. That’s a difficult sell at a time when healthcare access is limited in many parts of the US. But while it comes with a heavy upfront cost, the return on investment for an NP getting their PhD is hugely positive in the long run. 

Most of the challenges in growing the size of NP-led research are also opportunities. The small scale and specific scope of nursing PhD programs mean participants get individualized learning and all the benefits of small class sizes. Those who go on to enter the field of NP-led research will also have the opportunity to join a list of firsts, while also having the privilege of training the next crop of would-be nursing researchers. 

“It’s rewarding to get to bring up the people behind you,” Dr. Noonan says. “You get to help grow the profession.”

The Future of NP Research

The world of scientific research is, to the outside world, a slow-moving one: results are measured and re-measured, and potential impacts are studied and debated. But NP-led research is an area that’s likely growing faster than it appears. The NP profession has expanded rapidly in the 21st century, with many new specializations backed up by rigorous academic programs and clinical fellowships. Fittingly, it’s scientific research about the efficacy of NP practice that has helped facilitate its rise to prominence. As more NPs join the workforce, more will go into research, too. Patients, and the profession, will benefit. 

“More NP-led research would unlock a healthier population,” Dr. Noonan says. “It would unlock new care models, new ways to prevent disease. It would answer some of those still unanswered questions.”

NPs bring a unique approach to the care they provide and the research they conduct. Their holistic approach to patients prioritizes the contextual elements impacting a patient, rather than simply treating their symptoms in isolation. As more of the medical community awakens to the importance of the social determinants of health, NPs—who have such concepts baked deeply into their education and training—will bring decades of expertise to research and practice. 

“NPs bring their unique lens to research in understanding and treating patients where they are—in the context of where they live, work, and play—and in a holistic manner,” Dr. Noonan says. “The primary care NP’s prioritization of wellness, health promotion, and prevention fit well with where our healthcare system is moving: towards more proactive rather than reactive care.”

Update 2025: The Power of Teams

Research moves slowly by design. Each study takes years to develop, test, and publish. That rigorous and deliberate pace of inquiry means that since this article first ran in 2023, NP-led research hasn’t changed dramatically. But there are clear signs of growth in how nurse practitioners are leading interdisciplinary research teams and shaping community health through collaboration.

“I can’t say that there’s been monumental change in NP-led research,” Dr. Noonan says. “But it’s still more important than ever, having nurse clinicians that can bridge clinical practice with research.”

Dr. Noonan’s current work in chronic disease prevention illustrates this evolution. Working closely with rural communities, she and her colleagues are developing programs focused on healthy eating, exercise, and tobacco cessation. And, with new internal funding, they’re building a center for rural health designed to connect researchers, practitioners, and local organizations to find community-driven solutions to common needs.

“We’re always working in teams, and that’s a big thing,” Dr. Noonan says. “Those teams include NP students, registered nurses, PhD students, postdocs, and faculty from different disciplines.”

NP-led research is increasingly defined by teamwork, and recent studies reflect this collaborative mindset. In 2024 and 2025, research teams examined NP-led chronic disease management programs in Canada and urgent-care models in New Zealand. NPs are playing an essential role in shaping evidence-informed, patient-centered health policy (JNP 2025). Research is shifting beyond proving that NP-led care works to understanding how it scales: building durable systems, fellowships, and research centers that integrate NPs as full partners in innovation.

“NPs are taught so many skills that are important in research, like leadership and working as part of teams,” Dr. Noonan says. “You’re managing teams, you’re working in teams, you’re leading teams. NPs think critically about solutions for problems, and they do this every day. It’s just a natural extension of their work.”

Even as NP-led research gains visibility, the field continues to face many of the same challenges. Securing grants remains a persistent pain point for nurse investigators, particularly those outside major research institutions. The profession also needs clearer pathways and stronger support for early-career NP researchers. Limited nursing faculty and restricted PhD enrollment capacity continue to bottleneck the profession’s research potential. As a result, many NPs who would excel at research might not view it as a tenable option. That needs to change.

“In thinking about increasing NP research, you need to expose people to research who might not otherwise specifically focus on it,” Dr. Noonan says. “So we try to give that exposure to our pre-licensure and master’s students. If that ignites a passion for them, they can continue with it.”

While the pace may be deliberate, the direction is clear: NP-led research is becoming more organized, more interdisciplinary, and more visible. And the future of nursing depends not only on caring for patients, but also on generating the evidence that shapes how care is delivered.

“I think NP-led research is going to be huge in extending access to care in communities that lack it,” Dr. Noonan says. “There is a lot of focus on chronic disease prevention and management, and NPs are very well positioned to lead in that space. NPs have a unique skill set, and combining practice with research is really powerful.”